Frederick Starr and “The Garden of the Lord”
John Ferrell
05-25-18
In 1801,Thomas Jefferson called the United States “a chosen country, with room enough for our descendants to the thousandth and thousandth generation....” The idea of a chosen country with unlimited land and resources was hardly new. The first European settlers on the Eastern seaboard had sought to carve a new Eden from a seemingly endless wilderness. But as Americans streamed westward in the decades after Jefferson made his prediction, they cleared forests, depleted virgin soil, and destroyed wildlife with “no thought for the morrow.”
Recognizing what was being lost, some perceptive observers began to sound the alarm. One of them was a remarkable Presbyterian pastor in St. Louis, Missouri. The Rev. Frederick Starr loved trees and deplored how they were being wasted. "Destructive man," he said, "so utterly robs and impoverishes his lands of timber that he destroys the beauty of the landscape, and beyond the fence of his 'wood-lot' leaves no shade for man or beast."
Starr knew there was a better way. “God,” he said, “has given us a great and goodly heritage—a grand and broad and luxuriant country; but it is our forests that have made this country so salubrious, so fertile.” With such blessings at hand, Starr believed an American Eden was still possible. And with that thought in mind, he posed a question for his countrymen: “Shall we not preserve and cherish with care what remains, and plant on every quarter section destitute of trees, in all our land, its proper complement of forest, until from sea to sea, it shall seem to all men “like the garden of the Lord?"
Starr made his case in “American Forests: Their Destruction and Preservation,” a 25-page chapter in the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s annual report for 1865. The USDA would not establish a Division of Forestry until 1881 or a full-fledged Forest Service until 1905. But according to Bernhard Fernow, who was the first professionally trained forester to lead the former program, Starr’s paper could“be said to be the starting basis of the campaign for better [forestry] methods which followed.”
Sadly, Starr did not live to see his legacy. He died in 1867, weeks before his 41stbirthday. Nearly forgotten today, he deserves to be honored, not only as a forestry pioneer, but as a Presbyterian who cared about creation and sought to restore it.
It is unclear when or how Starr developed his special interest in forestry. His first exposure to lumbering may have come in connection with his father’s furniture- and cabinet-making business in Rochester, N.Y. Deeply religious, the elder Starr was no doubt pleased by his son’s decision to enter the ministry. After graduating from Yale College in 1846, Frederick earned a degree at Auburn Theological Seminary. In 1850, he married Helen Mills, daughter of an Auburn professor, and accepted a call to serve as pastor at a Presbyterian church in Weston, Missouri. When he arrived there, the Civil War was more than a decade away, but by the mid-1850s, tensions in the area were high as pro- and anti-slavery forces faced off against each other. In the summer of 1854, members of a pro-slavery group asked Starr to answer charges that he had taught a school for blacks, advised two slave owners to free their slaves, and ridden in a buggy with a black “wench.” Starr ably defended himself and frankly stated his conviction that slavery was “a moral and a political evil.” He remained a lightning rod for controversy until his departure from Weston in the spring of 1855. According to one story, “he was forced to flee in the dead of night" to avoid a hangman’s noose.
Starr returned to New York state where he remained for the next decade. Then, just after Lee surrendered to Grant, he became the pastor of North Presbyterian Church* in St. Louis. Family connections may have figured in his decision to accept the call. His wife’s sister Margaret was married to Henry A. Nelson, pastor at that city’s First Presbyterian Church.
All too soon, the Rev. Nelson found himself delivering a sermon to memorialize his late brother-in-law. Nelson marveled at how much Starr had accomplished during his brief tenure at North Presbyterian, and he thought overwork had been a factor in his demise. Besides ministering to his congregants and lending his support to the local Girls Industrial Home, the Colored Orphan Asylum, the Sunday School Teachers' Association, and various temperance organizations, Starr had found ways to “repair and beautify” the North Presbyterian church building and pay off a $15,600 church mortgage (equivalent to more than $250,000 today).
On top of everything else, there was the forestry paper chosen for inclusion in a federal report. “I knew how he loved trees,” Nelson recalled, and how “he lamented the wanton waste and destruction of them, and earnestly felt the necessity of a great movement to arrest it.” But when Starr showed him a copy of what he had written, Nelson read it in amazement. He had no idea how his brother-in-law had ever found time to produce such an impressive treatise.
Nelson said Starr was “one of those men who go about amid the beauties and wonders with which God has filled the world, with their eyes open, and their minds awake. He found ‘books in the running brooks, tongues in the trees, sermons in stones, and God in every thing.’" The somewhat altered quote was from Shakespeare’s play As You Like It, and at least in the printed version of Nelson’s sermon, “God” took the place of Shakespeare’s “good.” Judging from our small but intriguing window into Starr’s feelings about God’s creation, it was an appropriate substitution.
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*The North Presbyterian Church no longer exists. The congregation moved to another site in the early 20thcentury and disbanded in the 1940s. But the building where Starr ministered still stands. It is home to the Saints Cyril & Methodius Polish National Catholic Church.
